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标题: 分词的用法 [打印本页]

作者: 云霞客    时间: 2012-5-29 17:50
标题: 分词的用法
  l)作定语

  分词短语做定语时,放在被修饰的名词之后;单个分词做定语时,放在被修饰的名词之前.例如:

  The man standing by the window is our teacher.

  The excited people rushed into the building.

  注意:现在分词作定语时,它表示的动作是正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生,如果两个动作有先有后,一般不能用现在分词作定语,而要用定语从句。例如:

  The teacher criticized the student who had broken the window.

  现在分词作定语的差异:

  现在分词在句中作定语时,不仅存在前置与后置的区别,而且存在状态、时间与形式上的差异。为了帮助大家分清这些差异,更好地掌握现在分词的用法,现在分别论述如下。

  一、状态差异

  现在分词作定语明显存在状态差异。一般来讲,前置的现在分词静感强。而后置现在分词动感强。学习时要注意体会这一点。

  例1:The labouring people are the wisest.

  例2:The farmers labouring here are not afraid of snakes.

  能前置的现在分词为数不太多,常见的大都是已被形容词化了的现在分词。这一点主要表现在有些现在分词前常有程度副词,有些现在分词甚至还有比较等级。

  例3: I have brought very exciting news to you.

  例4:This is the most exciting story that I have ever read.

  二、时间差异

  时间差异指现在分词表示的动作发生的时间差异。有些现在分词作定语时表示正在的动作。这些现在分词若改为定语从句宜用进行时态。

  例5:Did you tell the children playing there not to make any noise?

  Did you tell the children who were playing there not to make any

  noise?

  例6:The American president visiting China now will return on Saturday.

  The American president who is visiting China now  will return on Saturday.

  有些现在分词作定语时则表示经常性动作或现在(或当时)的状态。此类现在分词若改为定语从句宜用一般时态,而不宜用进行时态。若译成汉语也应注意体现这一点。

  例7:They stayed at a hotel standing by the lake.

  例8:The temple standing on top of the hill was built in the Ming Dynasty.

  三、形式差异

  从形式来看,前置现在分词多为单个分词,而后置现在分词多为短语。换句话说,若用现在分词作定语,单个分词要前置,分词短语要后置。但也不能绝对如此,要视情况而定。要是强调动感,即使是单个分词也应后置。

  例9:Look! The girl singing is Alice and the one dancing is Mary.

  从内容来讲,前置现在分词多为不及物动词,没有自己的宾语或状语。后置现在分词可带宾语或状语。有时前置现在分词也可有自己的宾语或状语,不过要置于分词前,且中间要有连词符号。当然,带比较级时除外。

  例10:Barking dogs seldom  bite.

  例 11:The person translating the songs can speak seven languages.

  例 12:England and America are English-speaking countries.

  值得说明的是,现在分词的完成式与被动式一般都不能用作前置定语,只能作后置定语,使用时应慎重。

  例 13:We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.

  2)作状语

  分词或分词短语作状语时,可以表示时间、原因、行为方式、伴随状况等。例如:

  Being a student, I must study hard.(原因)

  While reading the book, he nodded from time to time.(时间)

  The teacher stood there surrounded by the students.(方式)    注:①分词短语作状语时,其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致.

  注:②表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连接词 while或 when引出.

  注:③有时“with( without)十名词(或代词宾格)十分词”的结构,表示伴随状况.例如:

  He lay half dead,with all his ribs broken.    注:④当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时:分词必须有自己的主语.例如:

  Time permitting, I will finish another lesson.

  3)作表语.例如:

  The news is inspiring.

  The glass is broken.

  4)作宾语补足语.例如:    We saw the teacher making the experiement.    注意:在 see,hear,watch,feel,observe,have,listen to,notice等动词后,既可以用现在分词构成复合宾语,也可以用不定式构成复合宾语,但两者的含义是有差别的,用现在分词,表示动作正在发生,(即处于发生的过程中,还没有结束),用不定式表示动作发生了,(即动作全过程结束了)。例如:

  I saw the girl getting on the tractor.

  I saw the gril get on the tractor and drive off.

  He had his clothes washed. (他叫别人洗了衣服)

  We had the fire burning all day.

  (我们使火燃烧了一整天)。

  注意:“ have十宾语十现在分词”表示主体使客体处于某状态或干什么事;“ have十宾语十过去分词”表示动作是别人做的或与主体意志无关.






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