英语时态三

saya

11.15 过去完成时

1） 概念：表示过去的过去

----|-------|-----|---->其构成是had +过去分词构成。

那时以前　 那时　现在　　　　　　

2） 用法

　a.　在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。

　　 She said (that) she had never been to Paris.

　b. 状语从句

　　 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。

　　 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.

　c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示原本…，未能…

　　 We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.

3)　过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。

　 He said that he had learned some English before.

　 By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.

　Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.

典型例题　

　 The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.　

A. had written, left　B，were writing, has left　 C. had written, had left　D. were writing, had left

　 答案D. 把书忘在办公室发生在去取书这一过去的动作之前，因此忘了书这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点，表示在同学们正忙于……这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。因此

前一句应用过去进行时。

注意：　had no … when　　　　　还没等…… 就……

　　　　had no sooner… than　　刚…… 就……

　 He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.

谓语动词构成：I/ we/ you/ they have been working

He / she/ it has been working

(1) 表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且还将持续下去

The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years.

中国有2000年的造纸历史.

I have been learning English since three years ago.

自从三年前以来我一直在学英语.

(2) 表示在说话时刻之前刚刚结束的动作

We have been waiting for you for half an hour. 我们已经等你半个钟头了.

(3) 有些现在完成进行时的句子等同于现在完成时的句子

They have been living in this city for ten years.

They have lived in this city for ten years.他们在这个城市已经住了10年了.

I have been working here for five years.

I have worked here for five years.我在这里已经工作两年了.

(4) 大多数现在完成进行时的句子不等同于现在完成时的句子

I have been writing a book.（动作还将继续下去）我一直在写一本书.

I have written a book.（动作已经完成）我已经写了一本书.

(5) 表示状态的动词不能用于现在完成进行时

I have known him for years. 我认识他已经好几年了.

这类不能用于现在完成进行时的动词还有：love爱，like喜欢，hate讨厌，等.