新概念必考考点整理(5):分词

风清扬

　　1.分词的性质：

　　具有形容词性质，可以在句中担任表语、定语、宾补、状语，现在分词表示主动，且动作在进行：过去分词表示被动，或动作已完成。

　　2.分词的形式：

　　例： write (vt) rise (vi)

　　主动语态 被动语态 主动 过去分词

　　时态

　　现在时 writing being written rising risen /

　　完成时 having written having been written having risen /

　　3.分词的用法：

　　(1)定语 分词置于被修饰名词前

　　分词短语于置于被修饰名词后

　　a sleeping baby = a baby who is sleeping

　　a running dog = a dog which is running

　　a broken glass = a glass which is broken

　　a beaten team = a team which is beaten(beaten 是被打败的意思)

　　This is the problem discussed at the last meeting.

　　The problem being discussed is very important.

　　(2)表语：The book is interesting.

　　He is interested in the book.

　　The news is exciting.

　　He feels excited.

　　3)宾语补足语：

　　When I woke up, I found my mother sitting beside me.

　　I'd like to havethis package weighed.

　　掌握精髓：动词不定式作宾语表示动作的全过程，而现在分词作宾补表示动作正在进行;过去分词表示被动概念。

　　(4)状语：(以下例句值得一背!)

　　① If you turn to the left, you'll find the station.

　　→ Turning to the left, you'll find the station.

　　② As I didn't receive her letter, I called her up by telephone.

　　→ Not receiving her letter, I called her up by telephone.

　　③ While I was walking to school yesterday morning, I met a friend.

　　→ Walking to school yesterday morning, I met a friend.

　　④ When she was asked it she had any bad habit, she answeredthat she was a heavy smoker.

　　→ Asked if she had any bad habit, she answered that she was a heavy smoker.

　　你知道吗?注意：在运用此类句型时主语前后要保持一致。

　　① Whenschool was over, the boys went home.

　　→ Being over, the boys went home. ×

　　School being over, the boys went home. √

　　② As my homework has been done, I have nothing else to do.

　　→ My homework having been done, I have nothing else to do.

　　③ Ifweather permits, I'll start tomorrow.

　　→ Weather permitting, I'll start tomorrow.

　　④ I fwe judge from his face, he must be ill.

　　→ Judging from his face, he must be ill.(这里应该是 we judging ...，但若主语是we, one, you表示“一般人”，主语可省略)

　　实际上，这里涉及到独立主格结构问题，以后在作分解!

　　4.分词的时态：

　　现在分词一般时表示此动作与主句谓语动词同时发生。

　　现在分词完成时表示此动作在主句谓语动词之前发生。

　　Entering the room, hesaw he. (几乎同时)

　　Not having tried his best, he failed in the exam. (分词动作在前)

　　5.语态：现在分词一般时被动表动作正在被进行，完成时被动强调分词所表示的动作先被完成。

　　The ships being loaded and unloaded belong to us.

　　Having been warned of typhoon, the fishermen sailed for the nearest harbor.(渔民先被告知而后驶向港口)

　　相关考题

　　【真题1】 (2009· 福建· 34)In April, 2009, President Hu inspected the warships in Qingdao, _______ the 60th anniversary of the founding of the PLA Navy. (A)?

　　A. marking B. marked ?

　　C. having marked D. being marked ?

　　【解析】mark这一动作在此处作状语，其逻辑主语是前面整个句子，它们之间为主谓关系，相当于"which marked";再者，mark这一动作显然不是发生在inspected之前的，所以不能用having marked。?

　　【真题2】(2009· 湖南 ·25)At the age of 29, Dave was a worker,______in a small apartment? near Boston and_______what to do about his future. (A)

　　A.living; wondering B.lived; wondering?

　　C.lived; wondered D.living; wondered?

　　【解析】此处live,wonder 与句子的主语Dave 之间存在主谓关系，要用现在分词作状语。

　　【真题3】(2009·四川·10)______many times, he finally understood it.?(D)

　　A.Told B.Telling?

　　C.Having told D.Having been told

　　【解析】考查非谓语动词作状语的用法。此处tell与句子的主语he 之间存在动宾关系，应该使用表示被动含义的非谓语动词形式，B、C两项可以先排除。A、D两项都表示"被动和完成"，但是强调动作先后的时候往往要用现在分词的完成被动式，这里强调"被告诉过许多次之后，他最后理解了"。?

　　研究步骤：

　　Step 1 —— 分析考情，掌握命题规律

　　分词短语作状语时往往用逗号与句子隔开，而且逗号后面没有并列连词。现在分词作状语时其逻辑主语往往是句子的主语，这时该动词与句子的主语之间往往存在主谓关系。高考在考查现在分词作状语时要求考生能够正确判断动词与句子主语之间的关系，有时候为了增加难度，命题者将分词的逻辑主语设计成一个句子，即分词的逻辑主语是一件事情(见真题1)。?

　　Step 2 —— 探究解题关键点

　　判断所给选项中的动词与句子主语之间的关系，如果是主谓关系往往用现在分词。另外，现在分词有：一般式、完成式、被动式、完成被动式四种形式，使用时要注意每种形式的内在含义。?

　　Step 3 —— 归纳总结

　　现在分词作状语的用法：?

　　1.现在分词作状语时其逻辑主语往往是句子的主语，这时该动词与句子的主语之间往往存在主谓关系。如：?

　　As the light turned green, I stood for a moment, not______, and asked myself what I was going to do. ?

　　A. moved B. moving　　C. to move D. being moved?

　　【解析】B。这里考查现在分词作伴随状语。move与主语I之间存在主谓关系，故用现在分词。?

　　2.现在分词有：一般式、被动式、完成式和完成被动式四种形式，每一种形式的否定式都是直接在前面加not构成。一般式(doing) 表示主动的一般性的动作或者正在进行的动作;被动式(being done)表示正在进行的被动的动作;完成式(having done)表示发生在谓语动作之前的主动的动作;完成被动式(having been done) 表示发生在谓语动作之前的被动的动作。如：?

　　Not having received a reply, he decided to write again。没有得到答复，他决定再写信去。

　　The old man, having worked abroad for twenty years, came back to his motherland. ?

　　(work与句子的主语The old man之间存在主谓关系，而且work 这一动作发生在谓语动作之前)?

　　Step 4 —— 掌握常规用法

　　有一些固定结构，如：generally speaking, according to, judging from/by等，无论主语是什么都用这种形式作状语。如：?

　　Generally speaking, children like playing in the fields. ?

　　一般来说，孩子们喜欢在田野里玩。?

　　Step 5 —— 特殊技巧

　　一些考生在做题过程中不知道应该选择现在分词还是过去分词作状语。现在教大家一个行之有效的方法：作状语时，是用动词|ing形式还是用过去分词，取决于该动词与句子主语之间的关系。如果是意义上的主谓关系，一般用动词|ing形式;如果是意义上的动宾关系，则一般用过去分词。请记住下面的例子，并细心体会。注意：句子的主语改变了，分词的形式也要相应地发生变化。?

　　Seen from the top of the hill, the park looks even more beautiful. 从山顶上看，这个公园显得更加美丽。(see 与主语the park之间存在动宾关系)?

　　Seeing from the top of the hill, we find the park even more beautiful。从山顶上看，我们发现这个公园显得更加美丽。(see 与主语we之间存在主谓关系)。

龙龙他妈

哟呵呦呵，找到了，谢谢楼主分享！！太有用！！

明天微笑~

不错啊。。。很好。。题目很好。。

朱宝儿

不错不错，太有用了，收藏了！

幻化成风

很好哦，谢谢分享

陌陌的音乐

谢谢楼主啊 真不错

Scylla刘

{:5_149:{:5_149:}}是考点 很实用的

幻化成风

三人行

来学习 的，好帖子