得“中心”者得阅读高分（方案一）

风清扬

　　阅读理解是高考英语试题的重头戏，也是高考试题中最难的题型。俗话说，得阅读者得天下。要想英语成绩得高分，阅读拿高分是关键。《试题调研》MOOK系列第3辑2013高考全通关(三)——阅读理解已隆重上市，本书高效传授阅读理解绝妙的备考策略和应试技巧，逐一击破阅读重难点，会带给你意外的惊喜和收获……然而要使阅读获得高分，必须弄懂文章的中心或主旨。只有抓住了文章的中心或主旨，考生才能推测出整篇文章的主要内容，把握作者的观点和意图，从而迅速又准确解题。那么如何才能更快更准确获得文章的中心或主旨呢?本文给你提三种好的建议和方法。

　　第一，把握题型特征——做题心中有数

　　根据近几年的高考英语试题可知，有关中心或主旨的考查形式主要包括主旨大意题、文章结构题、作者意图题等。这类试题主要考查考生把握全文内容或理解中心思想的能力，即归纳概括的能力，归纳文章段落大意、分析作者写作态度和写作意图的能力。常见的设题形式有：

　　The text is mainly about ____.

　　What would be the best title for the text?

　　The paragraph deals with _____.

　　What is mainly discussed in the text?

　　…

　　一篇文章总是表达一个中心或主题。这个中心或主题通常用一个句子来概括，此句叫主题句。由此可知，我们可采用主题句定位法来把握文章的中心或主旨。由于文章的不同，写作手法也各有不同，主题句出现的位置也不是一成不变的。文章的主题句一般出现在文章的开头或结尾，有时出现在句中。当然更重要的是考生要从全文去把握。一般说来，说明文和议论文多位于文章的开头。但有时不能直接在文章中直接找到主题句，在弄清段与段之间逻辑关系的基础上自己归纳总结。主题句必须能简洁明了地概括全文的主要内容，具有高度的综合性和概括性，文章或段落的其他句子都是对主题句的进一步的解释、说明、论证或拓展。主题句的呈现有以下特点：

　　⒈ 开门见山。 开门见山提出主题, 随之用细节来解释, 支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想。这也是最常见的演绎法写作方式。考生要分清main idea 和supporting sentence。

　　Today the problem of environment has become more and more serious. The world population is rising so quickly that the world has become too crowded. We are using up our natural resources too quickly and at the same time we are polluting our environment with dangerous chemicals. If we continue to do this, human life on earth will not survive.

　　…

　　浏览完短文后可以看出，main idea为Today the problem of environment has become more and more serious.第一句后面的内容为supporting sentences。

　　⒉ 首尾呼应。 为突出主题, 作者先提出主题, 结尾时再次点出主题, 这种首尾呼应的写作方式较为多见。但前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复, 后面的表述往往有进一步的引申或深化。

　　(首段)Shu Pulong has helped at least 1000 people bitten by snakes, “ It was seeing people with snakes bites that led me to the career. ”she said…

　　…

　　(尾段)“ The sad story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bitten by snakes. ”Shu said.

　　考生很容易看出此短文的写作方法为首尾呼应式。

　　⒊ 先表述细节, 后归纳结论或结果。这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式。这种写作方式往往出现在记叙文或夹叙夹议文中。在文章的前面叙述故事的内容，最后发表个人的观点或谈论自己的感受。因此考生在概括主题时要分清细节和结论。

　　A human body appears to be rather soft and delicate, compared with that of a wild animal, but it is actually surprisingly strong. Indeed, its very softness and looseness is an advantage; it makes man good at moving about movement of all living things of his own size, because he can do so many different things with his limbs. Man’s games show how he can control his own body. No other land creature can swim as skillfully as man; more has such varied grace; very few lives as long as he; none is so strong in its natural resistance to disease. Therefore man has a great advantage in his battle against the risks of damage and death that threaten him.

　　结合这篇短文可知，前面的内容陈述的是细节，最后一句为结论。主题就显而易见了。

　　⒋ 无主题句。 即主题句隐含在短文中, 没有明确的主题句。 必须根据文中所提供的事实细节，进行全面考虑，综合分析，然后找出共同的东西，归纳成一般概念。必须注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。

　　…

　　Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of Paris and decided to leave his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.

　　…

　　Q: What is the main idea of the paragraph?　____

　　A. How Joshua Bingham became a lawyer.

　　B. Bingham is a diligent student.

　　C. Joshua Bingham received an excellent education.

　　D. A good lawyer needs good education.

　　【点拨】 此段没有主题句。本段共四句，只陈述了四个细节性的事实。因此就答案本身看，每个似乎都对。考生只能将所有的细节综合起来，进行逻辑推理和概括，才能得出一个没有言明的主题思想。由于文中主要涉及了Joshua Bingham接受教育的情况，即作者想告诉我们的是：Joshua Bingham接受过良好的教育，所以答案是C。